lundi 28 avril 2008

18 avril 1942 - Japon: raid historique des B-25 Mitchell de James Doolittle sur Tokyo



Pacifique Central. Japon. Raid aérien historique de l'aviation américaine sur Tokyo.

Montage et scène du raid Doolittle 1942 tirés du film "Pearl Harbor":



Seize bombardiers moyens B-25B Mitchell du 17th Bomb Group de l'US Army Air Force, commandés par le lieutenant-colonel James H. "Jimmy" Doolittle, décollent du porte-avions Hornet à 1200km de la métropole japonaise.

Chacun d'entre-eux est équipé de quatre bombes de 250kg. Pour rallonger leur rayon d'action et leur chance de survie, les équipages ont allégé leur bombardier B-25 au maximum: ils ont démonté les plaques de blindage, les équipements radio, les deux mitrailleuses de 12.7mm de la tourelle dorsale et les ont remplacé par de simples manches de balais en bois, de manière à leurrer les chasseurs japonais éventuels. Chaque bombardier ne transporte en outre que la moitié de leur charge offensive habituelle.


Préparation du raid de Doolittle.

L'idée même de faire décoller des bombardiers de l'USAAF à partir de porte-avions a germé dans l'esprit du capitaine de corvette Francis S. Low.

http://www.b25.net/pages/dooraid.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolittle_Raid

Doolittle, un célèbre pilote qui a établit une série de records pendant les années vingt et trentes, séduit par l'idée de Low, commence à planifier le raid à partir de janvier 1942.

Pour son projet, il choisit le bombardier moyen B-25B Mitchell et écarte d'autres modèles de bombardiers moyens bimoteurs, comme le B-26 Marauder, jugés trop inadaptés au servicesur porte-avions.

Un premier test réussi a lieu le 2 février, lorsque trois B-25 décollent du pont du porte-avions Hornet au large de Norfolk,en Virginie.

La mission est alors approuvé par le Pentagone. C'est le 17th Bomb Group [Medium], la première unité à avoir pris en compte le nouveau bombardier moyen construit par North American, et basé à Pendleton, dans l'Oregon, qui est désigné.

Le 9 février 1942, vingt-quatre équipages du 17th BG déménagent sur l'aérodrome de Lexington County, près de Columbia, en Virginie, et commencent leur entraînement spécial.

Ils doivent apprendre à décoller sur un pont de 125m, au lieu des 650m minimum nécessaire sur un aérodrome terrestre, avec un poid maximum au décollage standard.

Les équipages réceptionnent leur bombardier sur la base de Minneapolis Field, et commencent à les modifier, sur Eglin Field, en Floride, à partir du 1er mars 1942.

Ils les allègent au maximum en retirant les mitrailleuses dorsales, le viseur Norden, les équipements radios, les plaques de blindages. Ils installent également des réservoirs de carburant supplémentaires dans la soute à bombes, de cette manière ils ne pourront transporter chacun que quatre bombes de 250kg maxi, soit la moitié de leur charge offensive standard.

Le 25 mars 1942, 22 B-25 sont prêts et décollent d'Eglin Field vers McClellan Fied, en Californie.

Le 31 mars 1942, seize B-25 sont désignés pour participer au raidet sont transférés à Alameda, à San Francisco, pour être embarqués à bord du porte-avions Hornet.


Phase active de la mission.

Le 2 avril 1942, le Hornet, commandé par le capitaine Marc A. Mitscher, formant avec son escorte le Task Group TG.16.2, appareille d'Alameda, dans la baie de San Francisco.

L'Enterprise, commandé par le capitaine Osborne B. Hardison, du Task Group TG.16.1, appareillé le 7 avril 1942 de Pearl Harbor et chargé de la couverture aérienne, rejoint le Hornet le 12 avril 1942 au large des côtes du Japon.

L'ensemble, les deux porte-avions et leur escorte, les croiseurs légers Vincennes, Nashville, Northampton et Salt Lake City, les huit destroyers Gwin, Meredith, Monssen, Grayson, Benham,Balsh, Ellet et Fanning, et les deux pétroliers Sabine et Cimarron, est désormais commandé par le contre-amiral William F. "Bull" Halsey.

Les bombardiers doivent normallement décollés à 850km des côtes japonaises, le 19 avril 1942. Mais la veille, avant d'atteindre ce point, l'escadre américaine croise en route des navires de pêches japonais.

La surprise n'étant plus garantie, et craignant la riposte ennemie, le capitaine Marc Mitscher les fait décoller à 1200km du Japon.

Le 18 avril 1942, le premier B-25B, le Serial Number 40-2344 piloté par Doolittle, décolle du pont du Hornet à 8h20.

Les B-25B arrivent sur leur objectif à partir de 12h15.

Ils larguent leurs bombes, égratignent les localités de Tokyo, Yokohama et Nagoya, puis poursuivent leur vol en direction de la Chine continentale, en survolant la mer du Japon.

Le raid fait 50 morts et 200 blessés parmi la population japonaise.

Ordre de mission des équipages:

Tokyo. 10 B-25B.
- "40-2344". Lieutenant-colonel James Doolittle. 34th BS.
- "40-2292". Lieutenant Travis Hoover. 37th BS.
- "40-2270". Lieutenant Robert L. Gray. 95th BS.
- "40-2282". Lieutenant Everett W. Holstrom. 95th BS.
- "40-2283". Capitaine Davis M. Jones. 95th BS.
- "40-2298". Lieutenant Dean E. Hallmark. 95th BS.
- "40-2261". Lieutenant Ted W. Lawson. 95th BS.
- "40-2242". Lieutenant Edward J. York. 95th BS.
- "40-2303". Lieutenant Harold F. Watson. 34th BS.
- "40-2250". Lieutenant Richard O. Joyce. 89th BS.

Yokohama. 3 B-25B.
- "40-2249". Capitaine Ross C. Greening. 34th BS.
- "40-2278". Lieutenant William M. Bower. 37th BS.
- "40-2247". Lieutenant Edgar E. McElroy. 37th BS.

Nagoya. 3 B-25B.
- "40-2297". Lieutenant John A. Hilger. 89th BS.
- "40-2267". Lieutenant Donald G. Smith. 89th BS.
- "40-2268". Lieutenant William G. Farrow. 34th BS.


Conséquences du raid de Doolittle.

La situation météorologique défavorable et le manque de carburant oblige les équipages à atterrir un peu n'importe où et n'importe comment, ou à sauter en parachutes.

L'avion du lieutenant Edwark J. York se pose en Union Soviétique, dans la région de Vladivostok. Lui et son équipage seront internés par les Soviétiques jusqu'au 23 mai 1943.

Trois B-25B se posent en catastrophe en Chine, dans la province du Chekiang.

Les autres équipages, à court de carburant, se voient contraint de sauter en parachute.

Tous les équipages, sauf deux, sont recueillis par les Chinois. Sur ces septante hommes d'équipage, un seul, le caporal Leland D. Faktor, un mitrailleur de l'équipage du Lieutenant RobertL. Gray, se tue lors de son saut en parachute.

Dix hommes manquent à l'appel. Deux d'entre-eux, le sergent Donald E. Fitzmaurice (mitrailleur) et le lieutenant Robert J. Dieter (bombardier), sont tués lors du crash de leur avion. Les huit autres sont capturés par les Japonais.

Les Japonais, pour mettre la mains sur les aviateurs américains, organiseront de formidables opérations de recherches et de ratissage, au cours desquelles ils tueront environ 250000 Chinois.

Emprisonnés dans des conditions innhumaines, atteints de beri-beri et de dysenterie, trois Américains seront jugés à Shangai le 28 août 1942 pour "crime de guerre", et condamnés à mort le 14 octobre 1942.

Les lieutenants Dean E. Hallmark, William G. Farrow, et le sergent mitrailleur Harold A. Spatz, seront fusillés le 15 octobre 1942 à 16h30, à l'extérieur de Shangai.

Un quatrième captif, le lieutenant Robert J. Meder, le copilote de Hallmark, succombera aux mauvais traitements et aux tortures de ses geoliers, le 1er décembre 1943.

Les quatre derniers, les lieutenants Chase J. Nielsen, Rober L. Hite, George Barr, et le caporal Jacob D. DeShazer, souffrant de maladies diverses et de malnutrition, ne pesant plus qu'une quarantaine de kg, seront libérés par les Alliés en août 1945.

Une fois les B-25B décollés, la Task Force TF16 fait demi-tour et repart sans être inquiétés.

Le raid aérien, au point de vue stratégique, n'a causé que des dommages dérisoires et insignifiants. En revanche, au point de vue psychologique, tant du côté américain que japonais, il a eu un effet considérable.

La réputation d'invulnérabilité et d'invincibilité vient de voler en éclats. Pour Tokyo, c'est l'humiliation.

Pour "laver cet affront", l'amiral Isoroku Yamamoto organiseraune "expédition punitive", une opération aéronavale contre l'atoll de Midway, dans le but d'attirer les porte-avions américains et de les détruire.

Le général, à la retraite, James H. "Jimmy" Doolittle est décédé le 27 septembre 1993, et a été inhumé au cimetierre militaire national d'Harlington.


Galleries photos - En route pour le Japon (2-18 avril 1942) -

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53425.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53296.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53290.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53293.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53421.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53426.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53287.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h97000/h97501.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53291.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53295.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53289.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53292.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g320000/g324218.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g320000/g324232.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g330000/g330659.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h97000/h97808.jpg

Galleries photos - Doolittle et ses aviateurs (17-18 avril 1942) -

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h64000/h64472.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g40000/g41190.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g40000/g41191.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/i02000/i02457.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53424.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53423.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h97000/h97502.jpg

Gallerie photos - Décollage des B-25B (18 avril 1942) -

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h97000/h97500.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g40000/g41197.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g40000/g41196.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g40000/g41194.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53420.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53435.jpg

http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53419.jpg

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